Top 9 Inventions of 1968 That Changed the World

The year 1968 was pivotal not just for its social and political upheavals but also for its groundbreaking contributions to technology and innovation. Here, we explore the top 10 inventions of 1968 that have had a lasting impact on our world.

1. The First RAM Chip

In 1968, IBM introduced the first dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) chip. This was a significant breakthrough in computer technology, as it allowed for much greater storage capacity and faster processing speeds compared to previous memory systems. The DRAM chip, which utilized capacitors and transistors to store each bit of data, became a foundational component in the evolution of computers.

The introduction of DRAM changed the landscape of computing by enabling more complex and powerful applications. Prior to DRAM, computers used magnetic core memory, which was bulky and slow. With the advent of DRAM, computers could handle larger programs and datasets, paving the way for the development of modern operating systems and applications. This innovation was a crucial step in the miniaturization and performance enhancement of computers, ultimately leading to the advanced technology we use today.

2. The Computer Mouse

Photo: Courtesy of Time

In December 1968, Douglas Engelbart unveiled the computer mouse during a demonstration at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco, known as "The Mother of All Demos." This device, originally called the "X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System," transformed the way humans interact with computers. Engelbart's demonstration included the mouse, hypertext, video conferencing, and the graphical user interface, showcasing technologies that would shape the future of computing.

The mouse allowed users to point and click on a computer screen, making computing more intuitive and accessible. This invention laid the groundwork for the development of personal computers and user-friendly software. The impact of the computer mouse is still felt today, as it remains a ubiquitous input device in desktop computing environments. Engelbart's visionary work in human-computer interaction has left an indelible mark on technology and how we engage with digital information.

3. The 747 Jumbo Jet

Boeing introduced the 747 jumbo jet, known as the "Queen of the Skies," in 1968. This aircraft was the first wide-body airplane, significantly increasing passenger capacity and reducing costs per seat-mile. The 747's design included a distinctive hump on its upper deck, allowing for a luxurious lounge area or additional seating. The first 747 rolled out of the factory on September 30, 1968, and it made its maiden flight on February 9, 1969.

The introduction of the 747 revolutionized air travel by making long-haul flights more affordable and accessible to a broader segment of the population. Its range and capacity enabled airlines to offer non-stop transcontinental and transoceanic flights, fundamentally changing global travel patterns. The 747 became an icon of the jet age and set new standards for comfort, safety, and efficiency in aviation. Over its decades of service, the 747 has transported millions of passengers and played a vital role in the globalization of commerce and tourism.

4. The Apollo Guidance Computer

The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was an essential component of NASA's Apollo missions, including the successful Apollo 8 mission in 1968. Designed by MIT engineers, the AGC was one of the first computers to use integrated circuits, making it compact and reliable enough for space travel. On December 21, 1968, Apollo 8 launched with the AGC guiding astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders to become the first humans to orbit the Moon.

The AGC's role in the Apollo missions was critical, as it handled navigation, guidance, and control functions necessary for lunar exploration. Its development marked a significant advancement in computer technology, utilizing real-time processing capabilities and pioneering software engineering techniques. The success of the AGC demonstrated the feasibility of using computers in complex, mission-critical applications, influencing the design of future spacecraft and other high-reliability systems. The legacy of the AGC continues to inspire advancements in aerospace and computer engineering.

5. The Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

Invented by Richard Morley in 1968, the first programmable logic controller (PLC) revolutionized industrial automation. PLCs replaced hard-wired relay systems with programmable electronic devices, offering greater flexibility and efficiency in controlling manufacturing processes. The first PLC, the Modicon 084, was designed for General Motors to automate assembly lines, significantly improving reliability and ease of reprogramming.

The introduction of PLCs transformed the manufacturing industry by enabling more sophisticated and adaptable automation solutions. PLCs could be easily programmed to handle different tasks and processes, reducing downtime and increasing productivity. Their robustness and scalability made them ideal for a wide range of applications, from automotive manufacturing to chemical processing and beyond. The impact of PLCs on industrial automation continues to be profound, as they remain a cornerstone of modern automated systems.

6. The Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)

In 1968, George Heilmeier, a researcher at RCA, made significant advancements in the development of liquid-crystal display (LCD) technology. Heilmeier's work on dynamic scattering mode (DSM) LCDs paved the way for the widespread use of this technology in digital displays. LCDs use liquid crystals sandwiched between glass panels, with electrical currents aligning the crystals to modulate light and produce images. This technology allows for thin, lightweight, and energy-efficient screens compared to the bulkier cathode-ray tube (CRT) displays.

The practical applications of LCD technology were immediately apparent, initially finding use in digital watches and calculators. Over time, improvements in LCD technology enabled its adoption in computer monitors, televisions, and mobile devices. The development of LCDs marked a significant advancement in display technology, providing clear, vibrant images while consuming less power. Today, LCDs are ubiquitous in consumer electronics, significantly influencing the design and functionality of modern gadgets.

7. The Laser Printer

Gary Starkweather, a researcher at Xerox, began developing the laser printer in 1968. This invention revolutionized office and home printing by enabling high-speed, high-quality printouts. The laser printer uses a laser beam to produce an image on a drum, which is then transferred to paper using toner. Starkweather's prototype led to the creation of the Xerox 9700, the first commercial laser printer, released in 1977.

The laser printer's impact on document management and production has been profound. It provided a significant improvement in print quality and speed compared to previous printing technologies. The ability to produce crisp, clean text and graphics made laser printers indispensable in business environments. Over time, laser printers became more affordable and accessible, finding their way into homes and small offices. This innovation has greatly enhanced productivity and efficiency in document handling and remains a vital tool in modern workplaces.

8. The ARPANET

The groundwork for ARPANET, the precursor to the modern Internet, was laid in 1968 by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense. ARPANET was designed to be a robust, fault-tolerant network for communication between computers at different locations. The first successful message transmission over ARPANET occurred on October 29, 1969, linking computers at UCLA and Stanford Research Institute.

ARPANET's development introduced key concepts such as packet switching, which became fundamental to the design of the modern Internet. The network allowed researchers to share data and resources efficiently, fostering collaboration and innovation. ARPANET's success demonstrated the feasibility of wide-area networking and set the stage for the development of the global Internet. The principles and technologies pioneered by ARPANET continue to underpin the structure and operation of the Internet today, connecting billions of people and devices worldwide.

9. The DynaTAC Cell Phone Prototype

In 1968, Martin Cooper and his team at Motorola began working on the DynaTAC (Dynamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage) project, which aimed to create the first handheld mobile phone. Although the first public demonstration of the DynaTAC prototype occurred in 1973, the foundational research and development work began in 1968. The DynaTAC was a revolutionary step towards mobile communication, featuring a compact and portable design compared to the car phones of the time.

The initial DynaTAC prototype weighed around 2.5 pounds and measured about 10 inches in length, with a battery life of approximately 20 minutes. Despite its size and limited battery life, the DynaTAC represented a significant leap forward in telecommunications technology. This invention laid the groundwork for the modern mobile phone industry, ultimately leading to the development of sleek, powerful smartphones that are now an integral part of daily life. The pioneering work of Cooper and his team at Motorola highlighted the potential for personal, portable communication, changing how people connect and communicate globally.

Conclusion

The inventions of 1968 have had a profound impact on technology and society, laying the foundation for many of the devices and systems we rely on today. From computing and aviation to industrial automation and display technology, these innovations have transformed our world in countless ways. As we reflect on these remarkable achievements, we can appreciate the ingenuity and vision of the inventors who helped shape the future.

The Introduction of the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet in 1968

Courtesy of Airline Reporter

In 1968, Boeing revolutionized air travel with the introduction of the 747 jumbo jet, a milestone that transformed the aviation industry and significantly influenced global travel and commerce. The Boeing 747, commonly known as the "Jumbo Jet" or "Queen of the Skies," was unveiled to the public on September 30, 1968, marking a significant leap in aircraft design and engineering.

Background and Development

The development of the 747 was driven by the growing demand for larger and more efficient aircraft during the post-World War II aviation boom. The need for a high-capacity aircraft was evident as airlines sought to accommodate the increasing number of passengers and reduce the cost per seat-mile. Boeing, already a major player in the aviation industry, saw an opportunity to meet this demand with a groundbreaking new design.

The project was initiated in the mid-1960s under the leadership of Boeing's then-president, William Allen, and the design was spearheaded by the company's chief engineer, Joe Sutter, often referred to as the "father of the 747." The design phase involved significant challenges, including the development of a larger fuselage, the incorporation of advanced aerodynamics, and the integration of more powerful engines.

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Key Features and Innovations

The Boeing 747 featured several innovations that set it apart from its predecessors:

1. Double-Decker Configuration: The 747's most recognizable feature is its distinctive hump, created by the partial upper deck. This allowed for a first-class lounge or additional seating, offering a unique and luxurious travel experience.

2. High Passenger Capacity: The 747-100 model, the first variant, could accommodate up to 366 passengers in a typical three-class configuration, or over 500 in a single-class layout. This capacity significantly reduced the cost per passenger mile.

3. Four-Engine Powerhouse: Equipped with four Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, the 747 provided the necessary thrust for its large size while maintaining efficiency and reliability. These engines were also among the first high-bypass turbofan engines, which contributed to better fuel efficiency.

4. Extended Range: The 747's design allowed for long-haul flights, with a range of approximately 5,300 nautical miles. This capability enabled non-stop intercontinental travel, reducing the need for layovers and connecting flights.

5. Advanced Flight Deck: The 747's cockpit incorporated state-of-the-art avionics and flight systems, improving pilot efficiency and safety. The aircraft also featured redundant systems to enhance reliability.

Courtesy of thisdayinaviation.com

Impact and Legacy

The introduction of the Boeing 747 had a profound impact on the aviation industry. It democratized air travel by making long-distance flights more accessible and affordable to the general public. Airlines were able to offer lower fares due to the economies of scale provided by the 747's high capacity.

The 747 also played a crucial role in global commerce. Its cargo variants facilitated the rapid transport of goods across continents, contributing to the globalization of trade. The aircraft's ability to carry oversized and heavy cargo made it indispensable for various industries.

Over the years, the 747 underwent numerous upgrades and variants, including the 747-200, 747-300, and the more advanced 747-400, each offering improvements in range, capacity, and technology. The 747-8, the latest iteration, continues to serve in both passenger and freighter roles.

Conclusion

The Boeing 747's introduction in 1968 marked the dawn of a new era in aviation. Its innovative design, impressive capacity, and extended range set new standards for air travel and left an indelible mark on the industry. The legacy of the "Queen of the Skies" endures, as it remains an iconic symbol of technological advancement and a testament to human ingenuity in aeronautics.