NASA's Apollo Missions in 1968: A Comprehensive Overview

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1968 was a pivotal year for NASA’s Apollo program, which aimed to achieve the first manned moon landing and ensure the astronauts' safe return. This year marked significant progress through several key missions that highlighted the advancements and challenges faced by NASA. These missions not only tested crucial spacecraft components but also set the stage for the historic Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969. Here is an in-depth look at the key Apollo missions of 1968 and the notable personalities involved.

Apollo 5: Testing the Lunar Module

On January 22, 1968, NASA launched Apollo 5, an uncrewed mission designed to test the Lunar Module (LM) in space for the first time. The primary objective was to validate the LM's ascent and descent engines in the vacuum of space, ensuring that it could safely transport astronauts from lunar orbit to the moon's surface and back.

Key Personalities:

• Thomas J. Kelly: As the chief designer of the Lunar Module at Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, Kelly played a crucial role in the development and testing of the LM.
• George Low: The manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office, Low oversaw the design, construction, and testing of the spacecraft, ensuring they met NASA’s stringent requirements.

The mission successfully demonstrated the LM’s capabilities, despite some challenges, such as premature engine shutdowns. The data gathered from Apollo 5 was critical for the subsequent development and refinement of the LM.

Apollo 6: The Final Uncrewed Test of Saturn V

Apollo 6, launched on April 4, 1968, was the second and final uncrewed test flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This mission aimed to verify the rocket's structural integrity and performance under conditions simulating a lunar mission. Despite encountering several technical issues, including oscillations known as "pogo" and engine failures, the mission successfully demonstrated the rocket's capability to perform a translunar injection.

Key Personalities:

• Werner von Braun: As the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, von Braun was instrumental in the development of the Saturn V rocket. His expertise in rocketry ensured the success of the Saturn V program.
• Rocco Petrone: The director of launch operations at Kennedy Space Center, Petrone was responsible for the intricate processes involved in launching the Saturn V.

Despite the setbacks, the data from Apollo 6 helped NASA refine the Saturn V design, ensuring its reliability for future manned missions.

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Apollo 7: The First Crewed Apollo Mission

Launched on October 11, 1968, Apollo 7 was the first manned mission in the Apollo program. This 11-day Earth-orbital mission tested the Command and Service Module (CSM) systems, including life support, propulsion, and communication. The mission’s success was crucial in restoring confidence in NASA after the tragic Apollo 1 fire.

Key Personalities:

• Walter M. Schirra Jr.: Commander of Apollo 7, Schirra was a veteran astronaut who had previously flown on Mercury-Atlas 8 and Gemini 6A. His leadership was vital in ensuring the mission's success.
• Donn F. Eisele: As the Command Module Pilot, Eisele was responsible for navigating the spacecraft and managing onboard systems.
• R. Walter Cunningham: The Lunar Module Pilot, Cunningham, though his role did not involve an actual Lunar Module for this mission, was crucial in conducting scientific experiments and monitoring systems.

Apollo 7 was a resounding success, providing critical data on the performance of the CSM and proving the readiness of the spacecraft for future manned lunar missions.

Apollo 8: The First Manned Mission to Orbit the Moon

The crowning achievement of 1968 was Apollo 8, launched on December 21, 1968. It was the first manned mission to leave Earth orbit, reach the moon, orbit it, and safely return. This mission provided unprecedented views of the lunar surface and Earth, including the iconic "Earthrise" photograph. Apollo 8 demonstrated key mission elements such as navigation, communication, and life support in deep space.

Key Personalities:

• Frank Borman: As the commander of Apollo 8, Borman had previously flown on Gemini 7. He was responsible for the overall mission success, maintaining crew safety, and navigating the spacecraft.
• James A. Lovell Jr.: The Command Module Pilot, Lovell, had extensive experience from his flights on Gemini 7 and Gemini 12. His role in navigating the spacecraft was crucial.
• William A. Anders: The Lunar Module Pilot, Anders, although the mission did not include a Lunar Module, he played a significant role in operating the onboard cameras and conducting scientific observations.

Apollo 8's successful lunar orbit and return provided critical data and experience for the eventual moon landing by Apollo 11. The mission also marked a significant psychological milestone in the space race, showcasing NASA's capabilities to the world and bolstering public support for the Apollo program.

Impact and Legacy

The successes of the Apollo missions in 1968 were pivotal in advancing NASA’s goals and setting the stage for the historic lunar landings that followed. Apollo 7 proved the Command and Service Modules' readiness for manned missions. Apollo 8’s successful lunar orbit provided essential data and a morale boost, demonstrating that a manned lunar landing was within reach.

The achievements of 1968 showcased the extraordinary collaboration between engineers, scientists, astronauts, and mission control. These missions underscored NASA’s ability to overcome technical challenges and push the boundaries of human space exploration. The groundwork laid by these missions was instrumental in ensuring the success of Apollo 11 and subsequent lunar missions.

The Introduction of the Boeing 747 Jumbo Jet in 1968

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In 1968, Boeing revolutionized air travel with the introduction of the 747 jumbo jet, a milestone that transformed the aviation industry and significantly influenced global travel and commerce. The Boeing 747, commonly known as the "Jumbo Jet" or "Queen of the Skies," was unveiled to the public on September 30, 1968, marking a significant leap in aircraft design and engineering.

Background and Development

The development of the 747 was driven by the growing demand for larger and more efficient aircraft during the post-World War II aviation boom. The need for a high-capacity aircraft was evident as airlines sought to accommodate the increasing number of passengers and reduce the cost per seat-mile. Boeing, already a major player in the aviation industry, saw an opportunity to meet this demand with a groundbreaking new design.

The project was initiated in the mid-1960s under the leadership of Boeing's then-president, William Allen, and the design was spearheaded by the company's chief engineer, Joe Sutter, often referred to as the "father of the 747." The design phase involved significant challenges, including the development of a larger fuselage, the incorporation of advanced aerodynamics, and the integration of more powerful engines.

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Key Features and Innovations

The Boeing 747 featured several innovations that set it apart from its predecessors:

1. Double-Decker Configuration: The 747's most recognizable feature is its distinctive hump, created by the partial upper deck. This allowed for a first-class lounge or additional seating, offering a unique and luxurious travel experience.

2. High Passenger Capacity: The 747-100 model, the first variant, could accommodate up to 366 passengers in a typical three-class configuration, or over 500 in a single-class layout. This capacity significantly reduced the cost per passenger mile.

3. Four-Engine Powerhouse: Equipped with four Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, the 747 provided the necessary thrust for its large size while maintaining efficiency and reliability. These engines were also among the first high-bypass turbofan engines, which contributed to better fuel efficiency.

4. Extended Range: The 747's design allowed for long-haul flights, with a range of approximately 5,300 nautical miles. This capability enabled non-stop intercontinental travel, reducing the need for layovers and connecting flights.

5. Advanced Flight Deck: The 747's cockpit incorporated state-of-the-art avionics and flight systems, improving pilot efficiency and safety. The aircraft also featured redundant systems to enhance reliability.

Courtesy of thisdayinaviation.com

Impact and Legacy

The introduction of the Boeing 747 had a profound impact on the aviation industry. It democratized air travel by making long-distance flights more accessible and affordable to the general public. Airlines were able to offer lower fares due to the economies of scale provided by the 747's high capacity.

The 747 also played a crucial role in global commerce. Its cargo variants facilitated the rapid transport of goods across continents, contributing to the globalization of trade. The aircraft's ability to carry oversized and heavy cargo made it indispensable for various industries.

Over the years, the 747 underwent numerous upgrades and variants, including the 747-200, 747-300, and the more advanced 747-400, each offering improvements in range, capacity, and technology. The 747-8, the latest iteration, continues to serve in both passenger and freighter roles.

Conclusion

The Boeing 747's introduction in 1968 marked the dawn of a new era in aviation. Its innovative design, impressive capacity, and extended range set new standards for air travel and left an indelible mark on the industry. The legacy of the "Queen of the Skies" endures, as it remains an iconic symbol of technological advancement and a testament to human ingenuity in aeronautics.

Brendan Fraser born December 1968

Brendan Fraser is a Canadian-American actor who was born on December 3, 1968, in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. He is the youngest of four children born to Canadian parents, Peter and Carol Fraser. His father was a former journalist and travel executive while his mother worked as a sales counselor. The family moved frequently during Fraser's childhood due to his father's job, living in several cities across the United States and Canada.

Fraser attended several schools growing up, including Upper Canada College, a private school in Toronto, Ontario, where he excelled in sports and drama. He later enrolled at Seattle's Cornish College of the Arts, where he studied acting and graduated with a bachelor's degree in fine arts.

Fraser started his acting career in the early 1990s with small roles in films like "Dogfight" and "Encino Man." However, it was his breakout role as the titular character in "George of the Jungle" in 1997 that catapulted him to stardom. This led to more leading roles in big-budget movies, including "The Mummy" franchise, which was a commercial and critical success. In addition to his film work, Fraser has also appeared in several television shows, including the critically acclaimed series "The Affair" and "Doom Patrol."

Aside from his acting talents, Fraser is also known for his philanthropic work. He has served as a board member for several charitable organizations, including the World Wildlife Fund and the Film Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving and restoring classic films.

Despite his success, Fraser has faced some personal and professional challenges over the years. In 2003, he underwent a partial knee replacement surgery after sustaining an injury while filming "The Quiet American." He also went through a highly publicized divorce from his first wife, actress Afton Smith, in 2007, which was reportedly a major setback for him.

However, Fraser has bounced back and continued to work steadily in the entertainment industry. He has been recognized for his acting talents with numerous awards and nominations, including a Golden Globe nomination for his performance in "Gods and Monsters." His fans appreciate his friendly demeanor and down-to-earth personality, and he continues to be a beloved figure in Hollywood.

Fraser has been married twice and has three children. In his free time, he enjoys traveling, photography, and playing various sports, including tennis and golf. He is also an avid reader and has been known to recommend books to his fans on social media. 

The Flight of Bob Beamon: The Unprecedented Long Jump of the 1968 Olympics

The year 1968 was filled with monumental events that shaped American and world history. From the assassinations of Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert Kennedy to the Tet Offensive in the Vietnam War, it was a year of both triumphs and tragedies. In the midst of this turmoil, Bob Beamon made his mark on history by breaking the long jump world record at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

On October 18, 1968, Beamon took to the Estadio Olímpico Universitario in Mexico City for the long jump event. Despite misjumping on two of his qualifying attempts, he adjusted his approach and made it to the finals. It was there that Beamon went "unprecedentedly airborne," leaping 8.90 m (29 ft 2.5 in) and breaking the world record by an incredible 55 cm (1 ft 9 in).

Beamon's record-breaking performance was remarkable not only for the distance he jumped but also for the manner in which he achieved it. The long jump record had been broken or tied 15 times between 1901 and 1968, with incremental progress being the norm. The most the record had been broken by in any single jump was just 15 cm (approx. 6 in). Beamon shattered that trend by breaking the record by an unprecedented 55 cm.

The fact that Beamon was an American unfamiliar with the metric system only added to the drama of the moment. After seeing his record-breaking result displayed on the stadium's scoreboard, Beamon had no idea what he had just accomplished. It was only after his teammates informed him of his feat that he suffered a cataplectic attack and fell to his knees.

Beamon's performance at the Olympics was the culmination of a year of remarkable achievements. He had won 22 of the 23 competitions he entered in 1968, including setting a career best of 8.33 m (27 ft 4 in) and a theoretical world record of 8.39 m (27 ft 6.5 in) before the Olympics. While the latter was ineligible for record-keeping due to favorable wind conditions, it was a sign of the greatness to come.

Beamon's long jump record would stand for almost 23 years, a testament to the remarkable nature of his achievement. It took another record-breaking performance by Mike Powell at the 1991 World Championships in Tokyo to finally surpass Beamon's mark. Powell's record of 8.95 m (29 ft 4.36 in) remains the high-water mark in the discipline to this day.

But what Beamon accomplished in 1968 was more than just a record-breaking performance. It was a moment of mutation, a skipped link in the expected chain of progression. Nobody had ever taken flight like Bob Beamon before 1968, and it's safe to say no one ever will again. His legacy lives on, not only in the history books but also in the hearts and minds of those who witnessed his extraordinary achievement.

Source: Guinness World Record

Kelly Rutherford Actress born November 1968

Kelly Rutherford was born on November 6, 1968, in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, USA, and grew up in both Virginia and California. Her parents divorced when she was a child, and she was raised primarily by her mother, who worked as a model and actress.

Rutherford attended Beverly Hills High School and later went on to study at the University of Southern California. While in college, she began to pursue acting and landed her first professional role in the 1989 movie "Phantom of the Mall: Eric's Revenge".

In the early 1990s, Rutherford appeared in several popular television shows, including "The Adventures of Brisco County Jr.", "The Great Defender", and "Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventures". She also had recurring roles in the soap operas "Generations" and "Loving".

In 1996, Rutherford was cast as Megan Lewis in the hit series "Melrose Place". Her character was involved in some of the show's most dramatic storylines, and she quickly became a fan favorite. Rutherford remained on the show until its cancellation in 1999.

Following the end of "Melrose Place", Rutherford continued to work in television and film. She had a recurring role in the NBC drama "The District" and appeared in movies such as "Scream 3" and "Swimming Upstream". In 2006, she joined the cast of the CBS military drama "E-Ring", where she played Samantha "Sonny" Liston for one season.

In 2007, Rutherford was cast as Lily van der Woodsen in the CW series "Gossip Girl". Her performance as the sophisticated and wealthy mother of two was widely praised, and the show became a cultural phenomenon. Rutherford remained on "Gossip Girl" for the show's six seasons, which ended in 2012.

Outside of her acting career, Rutherford has been an active humanitarian. She has supported a number of organizations, including the Children's Defense Fund, the International Rescue Committee, and the Step Up Women's Network. In 2010, she was honored with the Global Promise Award by the International Medical Corps for her work on behalf of children's health and welfare.

In addition to her philanthropic work, Rutherford has also been an outspoken advocate for family court reform. In 2009, she went through a highly publicized divorce and custody battle with her ex-husband, Daniel Giersch, which resulted in her losing custody of their two children. Since then, Rutherford has become a vocal advocate for children's rights and has worked to raise awareness of the flaws in the family court system.

Despite her personal struggles, Rutherford has remained active in the entertainment industry. She has appeared in several television shows, including "Reckless" and "Quantico", and has had recurring roles on "Dynasty" and "Riverdale". She has also continued to pursue her passion for philanthropy, serving as an ambassador for the World Children's Day organization and working with the United Nations on issues related to women and children.

In her personal life, Rutherford has two children with her ex-husband, whom she has continued to fight for custody of over the years. She has been vocal about the toll that the custody battle has taken on her and her family, but has remained committed to fighting for what she believes is right.

Kelly Rutherford's career and personal life have been marked by highs and lows, but she has remained a respected figure in the entertainment industry and an inspiration to many for her resilience and commitment to making a positive impact in the world.

Top Movies Made in 1968

 The year 1968 was a turning point in the film industry, with directors breaking away from traditional Hollywood styles and taking bold new risks. From the revolutionary sci-fi classic "2001: A Space Odyssey" to the iconic musical "Funny Girl," here are some of the top movies made in 1968.

1. 2001: A Space Odyssey

Directed by Stanley Kubrick, "2001: A Space Odyssey" is a revolutionary science fiction film that pushed the boundaries of what was possible in cinema. The film tells the story of humanity's evolution, from prehistoric times to a future space mission to Jupiter. It's a masterpiece of visual effects and sound design that still stands up to this day.

2. Once Upon a Time in the West

Directed by Sergio Leone, "Once Upon a Time in the West" is a classic spaghetti western starring Charles Bronson and Henry Fonda. It's a film about revenge and justice, set against the backdrop of the American Old West. With sweeping landscapes, epic shootouts, and unforgettable music, this film is a true masterpiece of the genre.

3. Rosemary's Baby

Directed by Roman Polanski, "Rosemary's Baby" is a psychological horror film starring Mia Farrow. It tells the story of a pregnant woman who becomes increasingly paranoid that her husband and neighbors are part of a satanic cult. The film is a masterclass in suspense and is widely considered to be one of the best horror films ever made.

4. Bullitt

Directed by Peter Yates, "Bullitt" is a crime thriller starring Steve McQueen. The film is famous for its iconic car chase scene through the streets of San Francisco, as well as its realistic portrayal of police work. It's a gritty and intense film that has become a classic of the genre.

5. The Odd Couple

Directed by Gene Saks, "The Odd Couple" is a comedy starring Jack Lemmon and Walter Matthau. It tells the story of two divorced men who become roommates, but can't seem to get along. The film is a hilarious look at male friendships and the quirks that make us all unique.

6. Planet of the Apes

Directed by Franklin J. Schaffner, "Planet of the Apes" is a science fiction film starring Charlton Heston. It tells the story of a group of astronauts who crash-land on a planet where apes have evolved to be the dominant species. The film is a thrilling adventure that explores themes of social commentary and the nature of humanity.

7. Night of the Living Dead

Directed by George A. Romero, "Night of the Living Dead" is a horror film about a group of people trapped in a farmhouse during a zombie apocalypse. It's a low-budget film that became a cult classic and spawned a whole genre of zombie films.

8. The Lion in Winter

Directed by Anthony Harvey, "The Lion in Winter" is a historical drama about the tumultuous relationship between King Henry II and his wife, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine. It stars Peter O'Toole and Katharine Hepburn in unforgettable performances that earned them both Academy Award nominations.

9. Yellow Submarine

Directed by George Dunning, "Yellow Submarine" is an animated musical film featuring the music of The Beatles. It tells the story of the band's journey to save the land of Pepperland from the Blue Meanies. With vibrant colors and innovative animation, this film is a psychedelic trip that perfectly captures the spirit of the 1960s.

10. Funny Girl

Directed by William Wyler, "Funny Girl" is a musical biopic starring Barbra Streisand as Fanny Brice, a legendary comedian and actress. The film follows Brice's rise to fame in the Ziegfeld Follies, as well as her complicated relationship with her husband, Nick Arnstein. With an unforgettable score by Jule Styne and Bob Merrill, and Streisand's iconic performance of "People," "Funny Girl" remains a beloved classic of the musical genre.

11. The Thomas Crown Affair

Directed by Norman Jewison, "The Thomas Crown Affair" is a stylish thriller starring Steve McQueen and Faye Dunaway. McQueen plays a wealthy businessman who orchestrates a daring heist, while Dunaway plays the insurance investigator determined to catch him. The film is known for its innovative split-screen editing and unforgettable theme song, "The Windmills of Your Mind."

12. The Graduate

Directed by Mike Nichols, "The Graduate" is a coming-of-age film starring Dustin Hoffman and Anne Bancroft. The film tells the story of Benjamin Braddock, a recent college graduate who becomes involved in an affair with an older woman, Mrs. Robinson. With its iconic soundtrack by Simon and Garfunkel, and its sharp commentary on the generation gap of the 1960s, "The Graduate" remains a classic of American cinema.

In conclusion, the films made in 1968 were an eclectic mix that pushed the boundaries of storytelling, technology, and visual effects. The year was marked by a sense of change and rebellion, with filmmakers breaking away from traditional Hollywood conventions and taking bold new risks. These films explored themes of social commentary, political unrest, and personal transformation in ways that were both thought-provoking and entertaining.

The success of these films can be attributed to the groundbreaking work of their visionary directors and talented casts. From the sci-fi masterpiece "2001: A Space Odyssey" to the gritty crime thriller "Bullitt," these films were brought to life through the hard work and dedication of countless artists, technicians, and craftspeople. Their innovative use of sound, music, and special effects created immersive cinematic experiences that continue to captivate audiences today.

Overall, the films made in 1968 remain a testament to the power of cinema to tell stories that both reflect and shape our world. These timeless classics continue to inspire new generations of filmmakers and audiences, reminding us of the importance of taking risks, pushing boundaries, and embracing the power of storytelling.

NBC News: A Pioneer in Television News Broadcasting in 1968

NBC News was a major player in the world of television news broadcasting in 1968. During this time, NBC was one of the "Big Three" television networks in the United States, alongside CBS and ABC. The network was known for its coverage of national and international news events, as well as for its investigative reporting.

In 1968, NBC News made significant contributions to the coverage of the Vietnam War and the Civil Rights Movement. The network sent its reporters to Vietnam to cover the conflict, including legendary journalist Frank McGee, who won several awards for his coverage of the war. NBC was also one of the first networks to send a team of reporters to cover the Civil Rights Movement, and its coverage helped to raise awareness of the struggle for equality and justice.

In addition to its news coverage, NBC News was also home to a number of popular programs and personalities in the late 1960s. These included the NBC Nightly News, which was anchored by Chet Huntley and David Brinkley, and Meet the Press, which was the longest-running television program in the United States at the time.

Overall, NBC News played a major role in shaping the way that Americans understood the events of 1968 and beyond. Through its in-depth reporting and commitment to accurate and fair journalism, NBC helped to inform the public and set the standard for television news coverage in the years to come.

Viet Cong Terror-A Guerilla Offensive" was a special broadcast covering the Tet Offensive in South Vienam. 

This recording, via WRC-TV in Washington, DC, features the last few seconds of the station's 11pm newscast, as well as commercials.

Video quality varies due to original tape conditions.

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